Federal Laws Pertinent to Civil Rights Litigation
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

42 USC §2000a | PROHIBITION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION OR SEGREGATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION

(a) Equal access. All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.

(b) Establishments affecting interstate commerce or supported in their activities by State action as places of public accommodation; lodgings; facilities principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises; gasoline stations; places of exhibition or entertainment; other covered establishments. Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this subchapter if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action:

(1) any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;

(2) any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on the premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;

(3) any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment; and

(4) any establishment (A)(i) which is physically located within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, or (ii) within the premises of which is physically located any such covered establishment, and (B) which holds itself out as serving patrons of such covered establishment.

(c) Operations affecting commerce; criteria; “commerce” defined. The operations of an establishment affect commerce within the meaning of this subchapter if

(1) it is one of the establishments described in paragraph (1) of subsection (b);

(2) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (2) of subsection (b), it serves or offers to serve interstate travelers of a substantial portion of the food which it serves, or gasoline or other products which it sells, has moved in commerce;

(3) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (3) of subsection (b), it customarily presents films, performances, athletic teams, exhibitions, or other sources of entertainment which move in commerce; and

(4) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (4) of subsection (b), it is physically located within the premises of, or there is physically located within its premises, an establishment the operations of which affect commerce within the meaning of this subsection. For purposes of this section, “commerce” means travel, trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, or communication among the several States, or between the District of Columbia and any State, or between any foreign country or any territory or possession and any State or the District of Columbia, or between points in the same State but through any other State or the District of Columbia or a foreign country.

(d) Support by State action. Discrimination or segregation by an establishment is supported by State action within the meaning of this subchapter if such discrimination or segregation

(1) is carried on under color of any law, statute, ordinance, or regulation; or

(2) is carried on under color of any custom or usage required or enforced by officials of the State or political subdivision thereof; or (3) is required by action of the State or political subdivision thereof.

(e) Private establishments. The provisions of this subchapter shall not apply to a private club or other establishment not in fact open to the public, except to the extent that the facilities of such establishment are made available to the customers or patrons of an establishment within the scope of subsection (b).

42 USC §2000a-1 | PROHIBITION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION OR SEGREGATION REQUIRED BY ANY LAW, STATUTE, ORDINANCE, REGULATION, RULE OR ORDER OF A STATE OR STATE AGENCY.

All persons shall be entitled to be free, at any establishment or place, from discrimination or segregation of any kind on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin, if such discrimination or segregation is or purports to be required by any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, rule, or order of a State or any agency or political subdivision thereof.

42 USC §2000a-2 | PROHIBITION AGAINST DEPRIVATION OF, INTERFERENCE WITH, AND PUNISHMENT FOR EXERCISING RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES SECURED BY SECTION 2000a OR 2000a-1 OF THIS TITLE

No person shall (a) withhold, deny, or attempt to withhold or deny, or deprive or attempt to deprive any person of any right or privilege secured by section 2000a or 2000a–1 of this title, or (b) intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person with the purpose of interfering with any right or privilege secured by section 2000a or 2000a–1 of this title, or (c) punish or attempt to punish any person for exercising or attempting to exercise any right or privilege secured by section 2000a or 2000a–1 of this title.

42 USC §2000a-3 | CIVIL ACTIONS FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.

(a) Persons aggrieved; intervention by Attorney General; legal representation; commencement of action without payment of fees, costs, or security. Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice prohibited by section 2000a–2 of this title, a civil action for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order, may be instituted by the person aggrieved and, upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the Attorney General to intervene in such civil action if he certifies that the case is of general public importance. Upon application by the complainant and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such complainant and may authorize the commencement of the civil action without the payment of fees, costs, or security.

(b) Attorney’s fees; liability of United States for costs. In any action commenced pursuant to this subchapter, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs, and the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person.

(c) State or local enforcement proceedings; notification of State or local authority; stay of Federal proceedings. In the case of an alleged act or practice prohibited by this subchapter which occurs in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has a State or local law prohibiting such act or practice and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no civil action may be brought under subsection (a) before the expiration of thirty days after written notice of such alleged act or practice has been given to the appropriate State or local authority by registered mail or in person, provided that the court may stay proceedings in such civil action pending the termination of State or local enforcement proceedings.

(d) References to Community Relations Service to obtain voluntary compliance; duration of reference; extension of period. In the case of an alleged act or practice prohibited by this subchapter which occurs in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has no State or local law prohibiting such act or practice, a civil action may be brought under subsection (a): Provided, That the court may refer the matter to the Community Relations Service established by subchapter VIII of this chapter for as long as the court believes there is a reasonable possibility of obtaining voluntary compliance, but for not more than sixty days: Provided further, That upon expiration of such sixty-day period, the court may extend such period for an additional period, not to exceed a cumulative total of one hundred and twenty days, if it believes there then exists a reasonable possibility of securing voluntary compliance.

42 USC §2000a-4 | COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE; INVESTIGATIONS AND HEARINGS; EXECUTIVE SESSION; RELEASE OF TESTIMONY; DUTY TO BRING ABOUT VOLUNTARY SETTLEMENTS.

The Service is authorized to make a full investigation of any complaint referred to it by the court under section 2000a–3(d) of this title and may hold such hearings with respect thereto as may be necessary. The Service shall conduct any hearings with respect to any such complaint in executive session, and shall not release any testimony given therein except by agreement of all parties involved in the complaint with the permission of the court, and the Service shall endeavor to bring about a voluntary settlement between the parties.

42 USC §2000a-5 | CIVIL ACTIONS BY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

(a) Complaint. Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by this subchapter, and that the pattern or practice is of such a nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of the rights herein described, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States by filing with it a complaint (1) signed by him (or in his absence the Acting Attorney General), (2) setting forth facts pertaining to such pattern or practice, and (3) requesting such preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order or other order against the person or persons responsible for such pattern or practice, as he deems necessary to insure the full enjoyment of the rights herein described.

(b) Three-judge district court for cases of general public importance: hearing, determination, expedition of action, review by Supreme Court; single judge district court: hearing, determination, expedition of action. In any such proceeding the Attorney General may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the case. Such request by the Attorney General shall be accompanied by a certificate that, in his opinion, the case is of general public importance. A copy of the certificate and request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of the copy of such request it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court.

In the event the Attorney General fails to file such a request in any such proceeding, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.

It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.

42 USC §2000a-6 | JURISDICTION; EXHAUSTION OF OTHER REMEDIES; EXCLUSIVENESS OF REMEDIES; ASSERTION OF RIGHTS BASED ON OTHER FEDERAL OR STATE LAWS AND PURSUIT OF REMEDIES FOR ENFORCEMENT OF SUCH RIGHTS.

(a) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this subchapter and shall exercise the same without regard to whether the aggrieved party shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law.

(b) The remedies provided in this subchapter shall be the exclusive means of enforcing the rights based on this subchapter, but nothing in this subchapter shall preclude any individual or any State or local agency from asserting any right based on any other Federal or State law not inconsistent with this subchapter, including any statute or ordinance requiring nondiscrimination in public establishments or accommodations, or from pursuing any remedy, civil or criminal, which may be available for the vindication or enforcement of such right.

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Federal Laws Pertinent to Civil Rights Litigation
Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

42 USC §2000a | PROHIBITION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION OR SEGREGATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION

42 USC §2000a-1 | PROHIBITION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION OR SEGREGATION REQUIRED BY ANY LAW, STATUTE, ORDINANCE, REGULATION, RULE OR ORDER OF A STATE OR STATE AGENCY.

42 USC §2000a-2 | PROHIBITION AGAINST DEPRIVATION OF, INTERFERENCE WITH, AND PUNISHMENT FOR EXERCISING RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES SECURED BY SECTION 2000a OR 2000a-1 OF THIS TITLE

42 USC §2000a-3 | CIVIL ACTIONS FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.

42 USC §2000a-4 | COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE; INVESTIGATIONS AND HEARINGS; EXECUTIVE SESSION; RELEASE OF TESTIMONY; DUTY TO BRING ABOUT VOLUNTARY SETTLEMENTS.

42 USC §2000a-5 | CIVIL ACTIONS BY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

42 USC §2000a-6 | JURISDICTION; EXHAUSTION OF OTHER REMEDIES; EXCLUSIVENESS OF REMEDIES; ASSERTION OF RIGHTS BASED ON OTHER FEDERAL OR STATE LAWS AND PURSUIT OF REMEDIES FOR ENFORCEMENT OF SUCH RIGHTS.

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Federal Laws Pertinent to Civil Rights LitigationTitle II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

42 USC §2000a | PROHIBITION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION OR SEGREGATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION

42 USC §2000a-1 | PROHIBITION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION OR SEGREGATION REQUIRED BY ANY LAW, STATUTE, ORDINANCE, REGULATION, RULE OR ORDER OF A STATE OR STATE AGENCY.

42 USC §2000a-2 | PROHIBITION AGAINST DEPRIVATION OF, INTERFERENCE WITH, AND PUNISHMENT FOR EXERCISING RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES SECURED BY SECTION 2000a OR 2000a-1 OF THIS TITLE

42 USC §2000a-3 | CIVIL ACTIONS FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF.

42 USC §2000a-4 | COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE; INVESTIGATIONS AND HEARINGS; EXECUTIVE SESSION; RELEASE OF TESTIMONY; DUTY TO BRING ABOUT VOLUNTARY SETTLEMENTS.

42 USC §2000a-5 | CIVIL ACTIONS BY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

42 USC §2000a-6 | JURISDICTION; EXHAUSTION OF OTHER REMEDIES; EXCLUSIVENESS OF REMEDIES; ASSERTION OF RIGHTS BASED ON OTHER FEDERAL OR STATE LAWS AND PURSUIT OF REMEDIES FOR ENFORCEMENT OF SUCH RIGHTS.

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