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The New York Constitution

Article O: Introduction
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle O (Introduction)
LetterThe Opening Letter to the New York Constitution
PreambleThe Preamble to the New York Constitution
Article I: Bill of Rights
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle I (Bill of Rights)
Art. I §1Rights, Privileges and Franchise Secured; Power of Legislature to Dispense with Primary Elections in Certain Cases
Art. I §2Trial by Jury; How Waived
Art. I §3Freedom of Worship; Religious Liberty
Art. I §4Habeas Corpus
Art. I §5Bail; Fines; Punishments; Detention of Witnesses
Art. I §6Grand Jury; Protection of Certain Enumerated Rights; Duty of Public Officers to Sign Waiver of Immunity and Give Testimony; Penalty for Refusal
Art. I §7Compensation for Taking Private Property; Private Roads; Drainage of Agricultural Lands
Art. I §8Freedom of Speech and Press; Criminal Prosecutions for Libel
Art. I §9Right to Assemble and Petition; Divorce; Lotteries; Pool-Selling and Gambling; Laws to Prevent; Pari-Mutuel Betting on Horse Races Permitted; Games of Chance, Bingo or Lotto Authorized Under Certain Restrictions
Art. I §10[Repealed]
Art. I §11Equal Protection of Laws; Discrimination in Civil Rights Prohibited
Art. I §12Security Against Unreasonable Searches, Seizures and Interceptions
Art. I §13[Repealed]
Art. I §14Common Law and Acts of the Colonial and State Legislatures
Art. I §15[Repealed]
Art. I §16Damages for Injuries Causing Death
Art. I §17Labor Not A Commodity; Hours and Wages in Public Work; Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
Art. I §18Workers’ Compensation
Article II: Suffrage
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle II (Suffrage)
Art. II §1Qualifications of Voters
Art. II §2Absentee Voting
Art. II §3Persons Excluded from the Right of Suffrage
Art. II §4Certain Occupations and Conditions Not to Affect Residence
Art. II §5Registration and Election Laws to be Passed
Art. II §6Permanent Registration
Art. II §7Manner of Voting; Identification of Voters
Art. II §8Bi-Partisan Registration and Election Board
Art. II §9Presidential Elections; Special Voting Procedures Authorized
Article III: Legislature
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle III (Legislature)
Art. III §1Legislative Power
Art. III §2Number and Terms of Senators and Assemblymen
Art. III §3Senate Districts
Art. III §4Readjustments and Reapportionments; When Federal Census to Control
Art. III §5Apportionment of Assemblymen; Creation of Assembly Districts
Art. III §5aDefinition of Inhabitants
Art. III §5bIndependent Redistricting Commission
Art. III §6Compensation, Allowances and Traveling Expenses of Members
Art. III §7Qualifications of Members; Prohibitions on Certain Civil Appointments; Acceptance to Vacate Seat
Art. III §8Time of Elections of Members
Art. III §9Powers of Each House
Art. III §10Journals; Open Sessions; Adjournments
Art. III §11Members Not to be Questioned for Speeches
Art. III §12Bills May Originate in Either House; May be Amended by the Other
Art. III §13Enacting Clause of Bills; No Law to be Enacted Except by Bill
Art. III §14Manner of Passing Bills; Message of Necessity for Immediate Vote
Art. III §15Private or Local Bills to Embrace Only One Subject, Expressed in Title
Art. III §16Existing Law Not to be Made Applicable by Reference
Art. III §17Cases in Which Private or Local Bills Shall Not be Passed
Art. III §18Extraordinary Sessions of the Legislature; Power to Convene on Legislative Initiative
Art. III §19Private Claims Not to be Audited by Legislature; Claims Barred by Lapse of Time
Art. III §20Two-Thirds Bills
Art. III §21Certain Sections Not to Apply to Bills Recommended by Certain Commissioners or Public Agencies
Art. III §22Tax Laws to State Tax and Object Distinctly; Definition of Income for Income Tax Purposes by Reference to Federal Laws Authorized
Art. III §23When Yeas and Nays Necessary; Three-Fifths to Constitute Quorum
Art. III §24Prison Labor; Contract System Abolished
Art. III §25Emergency Governmental Operations; Legislature to Provide For
Article IV: Executive
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle IV (Executive)
Art. IV §1Executive Power; Election and Terms of Governor and Lieutenantgovernor
Art. IV §2Qualifications of Governor and Lieutenant-Governor
Art. IV §3Powers and Duties of Governor; Compensation
Art. IV §4Reprieves, Commutations and Pardons; Powers and Duties of Governor Relating to Grants Of
Art. IV §5When Lieutenant-Governor to Act as Governor
Art. IV §6Duties and Compensation of Lieutenant-Governor; Succession to the Governorship
Art. IV §7Action by Governor on Legislative Bills; Reconsideration After Veto
Art. IV §8Departmental Rules and Regulations; Filing; Publication
Article V: Officers and Civil Departments
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle V (Officers and Civil Departments)
Art. V §1Comptroller and Attorney-General; Payment of State Moneys Without Audit Void
Art. V §2Civil Departments in the State Government
Art. V §3Assignment of Functions
Art. V §4Department Heads
Art. V §5[Repealed]
Art. V §6Civil Service Appointments and Promotions; Veterans’ Credits
Art. V §7Membership in Retirement Systems; Benefits Not to be Diminished nor Impaired
Article VI: Judiciary
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle VI (Judiciary)
Art. VI §1Unified Court System; Organization; Process
Art. VI §2Court of Appeals; Organization; Designations; Vacancies, How Filled; Commission on Judicial Nomination
Art. VI §3Court of Appeals; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §4Judicial Departments; Appellate Divisions, How Constituted; Governor to Designate Justices; Temporary Assignments; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §5Appeals from Judgment or Order; New Trial
Art. VI §6Judicial Districts; How Constituted; Supreme Court
Art. VI §7Supreme Court; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §8Appellate Terms; Composition; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §9Court of Claims; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §10County Courts; Judges
Art. VI §11County Court; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §12Surrogate’s Courts; Judges; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §13Family Court; Organization; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §14Discharge of Duties of More Than One Judicial Office by Same Judicial Officer
Art. VI §15New York City; City-Wide Courts; Jurisdiction
Art. VI §16District Courts; Jurisdiction; Judges
Art. VI §17Town, Village and City Courts; Jurisdiction; Judges
Art. VI §18Trial by Jury; Trial Without Jury; Claims Against State
Art. VI §19Transfer of Actions and Proceedings
Art. VI §20Judges and Justices; Qualifications; Eligibility for Other Office or Service; Restrictions
Art. VI §21Vacancies; How Filled
Art. VI §22Commission on Judicial Conduct; Composition; Organization and Procedure; Review by Court of Appeals; Discipline of Judges or Justices
Art. VI §23Removal of Judges
Art. VI §24Court for Trial of Impeachments; Judgment
Art. VI §25Judges and Justices; Compensation; Retirement
Art. VI §26Temporary Assignments of Judges and Justices
Art. VI §27Supreme Court; Extraordinary Terms
Art. VI §28Administrative Supervision of Court System
Art. VI §29Expenses of Courts
Art. VI §30Legislative Power Over Jurisdiction and Proceedings; Delegation of Power to Regulate Practice and Procedure
Art. VI §31Inapplicability of Article to Certain Courts
Art. VI §32Custodians of Children to be of Same Religious Persuasion
Art. VI §33Existing Laws; Duty of Legislature to Implement Article
Art. VI §34Pending Appeals, Actions and Proceedings; Preservation of Existing Terms of Office of Judges and Justices
Art. VI §35Certain Courts Abolished; Transfer of Judges, Court Personnel, and Actions and Proceedings to Other Courts
Art. VI §36Pending Civil and Criminal Cases
Art. VI §36aEffective Date of Certain Amendments to Articles Vi and Vii
Art. VI §36b[No Section]
Art. VI §36cEffective Date of Certain Amendments to Article Vi, Section 22
Art. VI §37Effective Date of Article
Article VII: State Finances
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle VII (State Finances)
Art. VII §1Estimates by Departments, the Legislature and the Judiciary of Needed Appropriations; Hearings.
Art. VII §2Executive Budget
Art. VII §3Budget Bills; Appearances Before Legislature
Art. VII §4Action on Budget Bills by Legislature; Effect Thereof
Art. VII §5Restrictions on Consideration of Other Appropriations
Art. VII §6Restrictions on Content of Appropriation Bills
Art. VII §7Appropriation Bills
Art. VII §8Gift or Loan of State Credit or Money Prohibited; Exceptions for Enumerated Purposes
Art. VII §9Short Term State Debts in Anticipation of Taxes, Revenues and Proceeds of Sale of Authorized Bonds
Art. VII §10State Debts on Account of Invasion, Insurrection, War and Forest Fires
Art. VII §11State Debts Generally; Manner of Contracting; Referendum
Art. VII §12State Debts Generally; How Paid; Contribution to Sinking Funds; Restrictions on Use of Bond Proceeds
Art. VII §13Refund of State Debts
Art. VII §14State Debt for Elimination of Railroad Crossings at Grade; Expenses; How Borne; Construction and Reconstruction of State Highways and Parkways
Art. VII §15Sinking Funds; How Kept and Invested; Income Therefrom and Application Thereof
Art. VII §16Payment of State Debts; When Comptroller to Pay Without Appropriation
Art. VII §17Authorizing the Legislature to Establish A Fund or Funds for Tax Revenue Stabilization Reserves; Regulating Payments Thereto and Withdrawals Therefrom
Art. VII §18Bonus on Account of Service of Certain Veterans in World War Ii
Art. VII §19State Debt for Expansion of State University
Article VIII: Local Finances
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle VIII (Local Finances)
Art. VIII §1Gift or Loan of Property or Credit of Local Subdivisions Prohibited; Exceptions for Enumerated Purposes
Art. VIII §2Restrictions on Indebtedness of Local Subdivisions; Contracting and Payment of Local Indebtedness; Exceptions
Art. VIII §2aLocal Indebtedness for Water Supply, Sewage and Drainage Facilities and Purposes; Allocations and Exclusions of Indebtedness
Art. VIII §3Restrictions on Creation and Indebtedness of Certain Corporations
Art. VIII §4Limitations on Local Indebtedness
Art. VIII §5Ascertainment of Debt-Incurring Power of Counties, Cities, Towns and Villages; Certain Indebtedness to be Excluded
Art. VIII §6Debt-Incurring Power of Buffalo, Rochester and Syracuse; Certain Additional Indebtedness to be Excluded
Art. VIII §7Debt-Incurring Power of New York City; Certain Additional Indebtedness to be Excluded
Art. VIII §7aDebt-Incurring Power of New York City; Certain Indebtedness for Railroads and Transit Purposes to be Excluded
Art. VIII §8Indebtedness Not to be Invalidated by Operation of This Article
Art. VIII §9When Debt-Incurring Power of Certain Counties Shall Cease
Art. VIII §10Limitations on Amount to be Raised by Real Estate Taxes for Local Purposes; Exceptions
Art. VIII §10aApplication and Use of Revenues: Certain Public Improvements
Art. VIII §11Taxes for Certain Capital Expenditures to be Excluded from Tax Limitation
Art. VIII §12Powers of Local Governments to be Restricted; Further Limitations on Contracting Local Indebtedness Authorized
Article IX: Local Governments
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle IX (Local Governments)
Art. IX §1Bill of Rights for Local Governments
Art. IX §2Powers and Duties of Legislature; Home Rule Powers of Local Governments; Statute of Local Governments
Art. IX §3Existing Laws to Remain Applicable; Construction; Definitions
Article X: Corporations
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle X (Corporations)
Art. X §1Corporations; Formation Of
Art. X §2Dues of Corporations
Art. X §3Savings Bank Charters; Savings and Loan Association Charters; Special Charters Not to be Granted
Art. X §4Corporations; Definition; Right to Sue and be Sued
Art. X §5Public Corporations; Restrictions on Creation and Powers; Accounts; Obligations Of
Art. X §6Liability of State for Payment of Bonds of Public Corporation to Construct State Thruways; Use of State Canal Lands and Properties
Art. X §7Liability of State for Obligations of the Port of New York Authority for Railroad Commuter Cars; Limitations
Art. X §8Liability of State on Bonds of A Public Corporation to Finance New Industrial or Manufacturing Plants in Depressed Areas
Article XI: Education
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XI (Education)
Art. XI §1Common Schools
Art. XI §2Regents of the University
Art. XI §3Use of Public Property or Money in Aid of Denominational Schools Prohibited; Transportation of Children Authorized
Article XII: Defense
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XII (Defense)
Art. XII §1Defense; Militia
Article XIII: Public Officers
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XIII (Public Officers)
Art. XIII §1Oath of Office; No Other Test for Public Office
Art. XIII §2Duration of Term of Office
Art. XIII §3Vacancies in Office; How Filled; Boards of Education
Art. XIII §4Political Year and Legislative Term
Art. XIII §5Removal from Office for Misconduct
Art. XIII §6When Office to be Deemed Vacant; Legislature May Declare
Art. XIII §7Compensation of Officers
Art. XIII §8Election and Term of City and Certain County Officers
Art. XIII §9[No Sections 9-12; Former 9-12 Renumbered 4-7]
Art. XIII §10[No Sections 9-12; Former 9-12 Renumbered 4-7]
Art. XIII §11[No Sections 9-12; Former 9-12 Renumbered 4-7]
Art. XIII §12[No Sections 9-12; Former 9-12 Renumbered 4-7]
Art. XIII §13Law Enforcement and Other Officers
Art. XIII §14Employees Of, and Contractors For, the State and Local Governments; Wages, Hours and Other Provisions to be Regulated by Legislature
Article XIV: Conservation
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XIV (Conservation)
Art. XIV §1Forest Preserve to be Forever Kept Wild; Authorized Uses and Exceptions
Art. XIV §2Reservoirs
Art. XIV §3Forest and Wild Life Conservation; Use or Disposition of Certain Lands Authorized
Art. XIV §4Protection of Natural Resources; Development of Agricultural Lands
Art. XIV §5Violations of Article; How Restrained
Article XV: Canals
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XV (Canals)
Art. XV §1Disposition of Canals and Canal Properties Prohibited
Art. XV §2Prohibition Inapplicable to Lands and Properties No Longer Useful; Disposition Authorized
Art. XV §3Contracts for Work and Materials; Special Revenue Fund
Art. XV §4Lease or Transfer to Federal Government of Barge Canal System Authorized
Article XVI: Taxation
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XVI (Taxation)
Art. XVI §1Power of Taxation; Exemptions from Taxation
Art. XVI §2Assessments for Taxation Purposes
Art. XVI §3Situs of Intangible Personal Property; Taxation Of
Art. XVI §4Certain Corporations Not to be Discriminated Against
Art. XVI §5Compensation of Public Officers and Employees Subject to Taxation
Art. XVI §6Public Improvements or Services; Contract of Indebtedness; Creation of Public Corporations
Article XVII: Social Welfare
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XVII (Social Welfare)
Art. XVII §1Public Relief and Care
Art. XVII §2State Board of Social Welfare; Powers and Duties
Art. XVII §3Public Health
Art. XVII §4Care and Treatment of Persons Suffering from Mental Disorder or Defect; Visitation of Institutions For
Art. XVII §5Institutions for Detention of Criminals; Probation; Parole; State Commission of Correction
Art. XVII §6Visitation and Inspection
Art. XVII §7Loans for Hospital Construction
Article XVIII: Housing
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XVIII (Housing)
Art. XVIII §1Housing and Nursing Home Accommodations for Persons of Low Income; Slum Clearance
Art. XVIII §2Idem; Powers of Legislature in Aid Of
Art. XVIII §3Article Vii to Apply to State Debts Under This Article, with Certain Exceptions; Amortization of State Debts; Capital and Periodic Subsidies
Art. XVIII §4Powers of Cities, Towns and Villages to Contract Indebtedness in Aid of Low Rent Housing and Slum Clearance Projects; Restrictions Thereon
Art. XVIII §5Liability for Certain Loans Made by the State to Certain Public Corporations
Art. XVIII §6Loans and Subsidies; Restrictions on and Preference in Occupancy of Projects
Art. XVIII §7Liability Arising from Guarantees to be Deemed Indebtedness; Method of Computing
Art. XVIII §8Excess Condemnation
Art. XVIII §9Acquisition of Property for Purposes of Article
Art. XVIII §10Power of Legislature; Construction of Article
Article XIX: Amendments to Constitution
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XIX (Amendments to Constitution)
Art. XIX §1Amendments to Constitution; How Proposed, Voted Upon and Ratified; Failure of Attorney-General to Render Opinion Not to Affect Validity
Art. XIX §2Future Constitutional Conventions; How Called; Election of Delegates; Compensation; Quorum; Submission of Amendments; Officers; Employees; Rules; Vacancies
Art. XIX §3Amendments Simultaneously Submitted by Convention and Legislature
Article XX: When to Take Effect
PassageTitle
Entire ArticleArticle XX (When to Take Effect)
Art. XX §1Time of Taking Effect
Congratulations! You're getting booked up on the New York Constitution!

You'll probably need to reference it during your pursuit of justice (in federal court; in state court; and/or at DOAH).

For instance, this material might help you recover from the damages that lawbreaking judges/lawyers/agencies/organizations have inflicted upon you [and/or the public] (see this example of a Florida judge who outright committed perjury).

Perhaps it'll [even] help you navigate through your state's administrative gauntlet. A gauntlet which might include – but not be limited to: Nevertheless – and as always – please get the justice you deserve.

Sincerely,



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