The North Dakota Constitution
* TBD wrote/added section titles for numerous constitutional passages (see disclaimer)!
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article 0 (Introduction) |
| Preamble | The Preamble to the North Dakota Constitution |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article I (Declaration of Rights) |
| Art. I §1 | Fundamental Rights and Freedoms |
| Art. I §2 | The People's Sovereignty |
| Art. I §3 | Religious Liberty and Worship |
| Art. I §4 | Freedom of Speech and Expression |
| Art. I §5 | Right to Assemble and Petition |
| Art. I §6 | Abolition of Slavery and Servitude |
| Art. I §7 | Employment Rights and Protections |
| Art. I §8 | Protection Against Unreasonable Searches |
| Art. I §9 | Access to Justice and Due Process |
| Art. I §10 | Criminal Prosecution and Indictment Rules |
| Art. I §11 | Bail, Fines, and Punishment Limitations |
| Art. I §12 | Fair Trial and Legal Representation |
| Art. I §13 | Trial by Jury and Verdict Standards |
| Art. I §14 | Habeas Corpus and Public Safety |
| Art. I §15 | Debt and Legal Obligations |
| Art. I §16 | Eminent Domain and Property Rights |
| Art. I §17 | Definition and Conviction of Treason |
| Art. I §18 | Prohibition of Unjust Laws |
| Art. I §19 | Military Subordination to Civil Power |
| Art. I §20 | Preservation of Constitutional Protections |
| Art. I §21 | Equal Privileges and Immunities |
| Art. I §22 | Uniformity in State Laws |
| Art. I §23 | North Dakota’s Place in the Union |
| Art. I §24 | Mandatory and Prohibitory Constitutional Provisions |
| Art. I §25 | Justice and Protection: Safeguarding Crime Victims' Rights |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article II (Elective Franchise) |
| Art. II §1 | Voting Rights and Eligibility |
| Art. II §2 | Restrictions on Voting |
| Art. II §3 | Electoral Participation and Jurisdiction |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article III (Powers Reserved To The People) |
| Art. III §1 | Initiative and Legislative Authority |
| Art. III §2 | Petition Requirements and Submission Process |
| Art. III §3 | Circulation and Verification of Signatures |
| Art. III §4 | Thresholds for Petition Submission |
| Art. III §5 | Election Deadlines and Petition Impact |
| Art. III §6 | Secretary of State’s Role in Petition Approval |
| Art. III §7 | Judicial Review and Ballot Inclusion |
| Art. III §8 | Enactment and Repeal of Initiated Measures |
| Art. III §9 | Constitutional Amendment Via Initiative |
| Art. III §10 | Recall Process for Elected Officials |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article IV (Legislative Branch) |
| Art. IV §1 | Structure of the Legislative Assembly |
| Art. IV §2 | Apportionment and Electoral Equality |
| Art. IV §3 | Biennial Election Cycles |
| Art. IV §4 | Legislative Term Durations |
| Art. IV §5 | Residency and Eligibility Requirements |
| Art. IV §6 | Restrictions on Holding Office |
| Art. IV §7 | Legislative Session Procedures |
| Art. IV §8 | Presiding Officers and Leadership |
| Art. IV §9 | Bribery and Corruption Prevention |
| Art. IV §10 | Disqualification for Criminal Conduct |
| Art. IV §11 | Filling Legislative Vacancies |
| Art. IV §12 | Quorum and Legislative Proceedings |
| Art. IV §13 | Journals, Votes, and Bill Passage |
| Art. IV §14 | Transparency and Public Access |
| Art. IV §15 | Legislative Privileges and Immunities |
| Art. IV §16 | Amending the State Constitution |
| Art. IV §17 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §18 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §19 | Renumbered |
| Art. IV §20 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §21 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §22 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §23 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §24 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §25 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §26 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §27 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §28 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §29 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §30 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §31 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §32 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §33 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §34 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §35 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §36 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §37 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §38 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §39 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §40 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §41 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §42 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §43 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §44 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §45 | Repealed |
| Art. IV §46 | Repealed |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article V (Executive Branch) |
| Art. V §1 | Executive Authority and Governance |
| Art. V §2 | Election and Composition of State Officials |
| Art. V §3 | Joint Ballot for Governor and Lieutenant Governor |
| Art. V §4 | Eligibility Requirements for State Office |
| Art. V §5 | Terms and Succession of Elected Officials |
| Art. V §6 | State Capital Residency for Officials |
| Art. V §7 | Duties and Powers of the Governor |
| Art. V §8 | Appointments and Filling Vacancies |
| Art. V §9 | Legislative Approval and Veto Process |
| Art. V §10 | Bribery and Ethical Standards in Office |
| Art. V §11 | Gubernatorial Succession and Emergency Provisions |
| Art. V §12 | Lieutenant Governor’s Role in the Senate |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article VI (Judicial Branch) |
| Art. VI §1 | Judicial Authority and Court Structure |
| Art. VI §2 | Supreme Court: Powers and Composition |
| Art. VI §3 | Procedural Rules and Legal Administration |
| Art. VI §4 | Quorum and Judicial Decisions |
| Art. VI §5 | Judicial Opinions and Dissenting Views |
| Art. VI §6 | Appeals Process and Appellate Jurisdiction |
| Art. VI §7 | Judicial Selection and Tenure |
| Art. VI §8 | District Court Jurisdiction and Authority |
| Art. VI §9 | Judicial Districts and Local Court Administration |
| Art. VI §10 | Qualifications and Restrictions for Judges |
| Art. VI §11 | Judicial Recusal and Conflict Resolution |
| Art. VI §12 | Judicial Discipline and Removal Procedures |
| Art. VI §12.1 | Judicial Nomination and Appointment Process |
| Art. VI §13 | Election and Succession of Judges |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article VII (Political Subdivisions) |
| Art. VII §1 | Local Self-Government and Autonomy |
| Art. VII §2 | Legislative Authority Over Political Subdivisions |
| Art. VII §3 | County Recognition and Jurisdiction |
| Art. VII §4 | Relocation of County Seats |
| Art. VII §5 | Annexation, Consolidation, and County Boundaries |
| Art. VII §6 | Home Rule and Local Administration |
| Art. VII §7 | Optional Forms of County Government |
| Art. VII §8 | County Responsibilities and Services |
| Art. VII §9 | Electoral Processes for Governmental Structure |
| Art. VII §10 | Intergovernmental Agreements and Cooperation |
| Art. VII §11 | City Utility Franchising Authority |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article VIII (Education) |
| Art. VIII §1 | Public Education and Civic Responsibility |
| Art. VIII §2 | Statewide Public School System |
| Art. VIII §3 | Curriculum Standards and Ethical Instruction |
| Art. VIII §4 | Legislative Oversight on Education Policy |
| Art. VIII §5 | State Control Over Higher Education Institutions |
| Art. VIII §6 | Governance and Administration of Higher Education |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article IX (Trust Lands) |
| Art. IX §1 | State Trust Funds and Educational Investment |
| Art. IX §2 | Safeguarding School Trust Funds |
| Art. IX §3 | Board of University and School Lands Authority |
| Art. IX §4 | Appraisal and Management of State Lands |
| Art. IX §5 | Sale Conditions for Public Lands |
| Art. IX §6 | Minimum Sale Price and Payment Terms |
| Art. IX §7 | Institutional Land Sales and Management |
| Art. IX §8 | Leasing Provisions for State Lands |
| Art. IX §9 | Restrictions on Public Land Occupation |
| Art. IX §10 | Disposal of Public Lands Beyond Common Schools |
| Art. IX §11 | Security and Accountability for State School Funds |
| Art. IX §12 | Permanent Locations for State Institutions |
| Art. IX §13 | Allocation of Lands for Public Institutions |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article X (Finance and Public Debt) |
| Art. X §1 | Property Taxation Restrictions |
| Art. X §2 | Preservation of Taxation Authority |
| Art. X §3 | Taxation Laws and Revenue Allocation |
| Art. X §4 | Assessment of Taxable Property |
| Art. X §5 | Uniformity in Taxation and Exemptions |
| Art. X §6 | Repealed Section |
| Art. X §7 | Acreage Taxation for Agricultural Protection |
| Art. X §8 | Legislative Authority for Taxation |
| Art. X §9 | Hail Insurance Fund and Land Taxation |
| Art. X §10 | Medical Center Funding Through Property Tax |
| Art. X §11 | Highway Funding and Fuel Tax Allocation |
| Art. X §12 | Public Funds Management and Disbursement |
| Art. X §13 | State Bond Issuance and Financial Limits |
| Art. X §14 | Revenue Bonds for Infrastructure Projects |
| Art. X §15 | Local Government Debt Limitations |
| Art. X §16 | Taxation for Debt Repayment and Fiscal Responsibility |
| Art. X §17 | Bond Certification and Debt Validation |
| Art. X §18 | Government Investments and Credit Restrictions |
| Art. X §19 | Grain Terminal Operations in Neighboring States |
| Art. X §20 | Grain Terminal Operations in North Dakota |
| Art. X §21 | Coal Taxation and Permanent Trust Funds |
| Art. X §22 | Oil and Gas Revenue Allocation for Water Projects |
| Art. X §23 | Veterans' Compensation and Financial Assistance |
| Art. X §24 | Oil Extraction Revenue for Education |
| Art. X §25 | Veterans' Postwar Trust Fund Management |
| Art. X §26 | Legacy Fund and Long-Term Financial Stability |
| Art. X §27 | Prohibition on Property Transfer Taxes |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article XI (General Provisions) |
| Art. XI §1 | State Identity and Boundaries |
| Art. XI §2 | The Great Seal of North Dakota |
| Art. XI §3 | Ownership of Natural Waterways |
| Art. XI §4 | Oath of Office and Public Service Commitment |
| Art. XI §5 | Public Meetings and Government Transparency |
| Art. XI §6 | Accessibility of Public Records |
| Art. XI §7 | Government Continuity in Times of Emergency |
| Art. XI §8 | Impeachment Authority of the House |
| Art. XI §9 | Senate Trials for Impeachment Cases |
| Art. XI §10 | Grounds for Impeachment and Consequences |
| Art. XI §11 | Removal of Officers for Misconduct |
| Art. XI §12 | Restrictions on Office Duties During Impeachment |
| Art. XI §13 | Lieutenant Governor’s Role in Impeachment Trials |
| Art. XI §14 | Notification and Preparation for Impeachment Trials |
| Art. XI §15 | Double Jeopardy Protections in Impeachment Cases |
| Art. XI §16 | Composition and Responsibilities of the State Militia |
| Art. XI §17 | Regulation and Organization of the Militia |
| Art. XI §18 | Volunteer Armed Services and Restrictions |
| Art. XI §19 | Appointment and Election of Militia Officers |
| Art. XI §20 | Commissioning and Removal of Militia Officers |
| Art. XI §21 | Legal Protections for Militia Members |
| Art. XI §22 | Debtor Rights and Property Exemptions |
| Art. XI §23 | Property Rights of Married Women |
| Art. XI §24 | Regulation of Child Labor in Certain Industries |
| Art. XI §25 | Restrictions on Games of Chance and Lotteries |
| Art. XI §26 | Equal Compensation Across Government Branches |
| Art. XI §27 | Preservation of Hunting, Trapping, and Fishing Rights |
| Art. XI §28 | Legal Definition and Recognition of Marriage |
| Art. XI §29 | Guarantee of Modern Agricultural Practices |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article XII (Corporations Other Than Municipal) |
| Art. XII §1 | Definition and Classification of Corporations |
| Art. XII §2 | Charter Limitations and Legislative Oversight |
| Art. XII §3 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §4 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §5 | Eminent Domain and Corporate Property Use |
| Art. XII §6 | Voting Rights in Corporate Elections |
| Art. XII §7 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §8 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §9 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §10 | Municipal Approval for Infrastructure Development |
| Art. XII §11 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §12 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §13 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §14 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §15 | Repealed |
| Art. XII §16 | Prohibition of Market Manipulation and Price Control |
| Art. XII §17 | Repealed |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article XIII (Compact With The United States) |
| Art. XIII §0 | Note on Article 13 |
| Art. XIII §1 | Protection of Religious Freedom and Worship |
| Art. XIII §2 | Jurisdiction Over Federal Military Reservations |
| Art. XIII §3 | Acceptance of Land Grants from the United States |
| Art. XIII §4 | Continuation of Enabling Act Provisions |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article XIV (Ethics Commission) |
| Art. XIV §1 | Transparency in Campaign Finance and Governance |
| Art. XIV §2 | Lobbying Ethics and Contribution Restrictions |
| Art. XIV §3 | Establishment of the North Dakota Ethics Commission |
| Art. XIV §4 | Implementation and Enforcement of Ethical Standards |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article XV (Term Limits) |
| Art. XV §1 | Legislative Term Limits and Service Restrictions |
| Art. XV §2 | Gubernatorial Term Limits and Succession |
| Art. XV §3 | Prospective Application of Term Limitations |
| Art. XV §4 | Legislative Restrictions on Amending Term Limits |
| Art. XV §5 | Effective Date of Term Limit Provisions |
| Art. XV §6 | Severability and Constitutional Supremacy |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | Article XVI (Congressional Age Limits) |
| Art. XVI §1 | Age Restrictions for Federal Legislative Service |
| Art. XVI §2 | Ballot Eligibility and Age Limit Enforcement |
| Art. XVI §3 | Ballot Advisory for Age-Limited Candidates |
| Art. XVI §4 | Implementation and Legal Review Procedures |
| Art. XVI §5 | Severability and Constitutional Supremacy |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | The "Transition Schedule" portion of the North Dakota Constitution |
| Sch. §1 | Repealed |
| Sch. §2 | Repealed |
| Sch. §3 | Repealed |
| Sch. §4 | Repealed |
| Sch. §5 | Repealed |
| Sch. §6 | Repealed |
| Sch. §7 | Repealed |
| Sch. §8 | Repealed |
| Sch. §9 | Repealed |
| Sch. §10 | Repealed |
| Sch. §11 | Repealed |
| Sch. §12 | Repealed |
| Sch. §13 | Repealed |
| Sch. §14 | Repealed |
| Sch. §15 | Repealed |
| Sch. §16 | Repealed |
| Sch. §17 | Repealed |
| Sch. §18 | Repealed |
| Sch. §19 | Repealed |
| Sch. §20 | Repealed |
| Sch. §21 | Repealed |
| Sch. §22 | Repealed |
| Sch. §23 | Repealed |
| Sch. §24 | Repealed |
| Sch. §25 | Repealed |
| Sch. §26 | Preserving Governance: Constitutional Publication and Accessibility |
| Passage | Title |
|---|---|
| Entire Article | The Enabling Act portion of the North Dakota Constitution |
| Enabling Act §1 | Formation of New States and Admission into the Union |
| Enabling Act §2 | Division of Dakota Territory and Convention Locations |
| Enabling Act §3 | Delegate Elections and Apportionment Procedures |
| Enabling Act §4 | Qualifications for Voting and Constitutional Conventions |
| Enabling Act §5 | Meeting of Delegates and Formation of State Constitutions |
| Enabling Act §6 | Provisions for Religious Freedom and Public Land Management |
| Enabling Act §7 | Debt Assumption and Public Education Requirements |
| Enabling Act §8 | Ratification Process for State Constitutions |
| Enabling Act §9 | Formation and Governance of North Dakota and South Dakota |
| Enabling Act §10 | Division of Territorial Assets and Debts |
| Enabling Act §11 | Procedures for Constitution Rejection and Reassembly |
| Enabling Act §12 | Resubmission of Sioux Falls Constitution |
| Enabling Act §13 | Election Procedures for Constitutional Ratification |
| Enabling Act §14 | Certification and Admission of States into the Union |
| Enabling Act §15 | Congressional Representation and Transition of Territorial Officers |
| Enabling Act §16 | Land Grants for Public Education and Management Guidelines |
| Enabling Act §17 | Bankruptcy Implications for State-Owned Lands |
| Enabling Act §18 | Sale and Exchange Regulations for Public Lands |
| Enabling Act §19 | Trust Fund Management and Distribution Principles |
| Enabling Act §20 | Judicial Districts and Federal Court Assignments |
| Enabling Act §21 | Appeals and Writs of Error Procedures in New States |
| Enabling Act §22 | Legal Succession of Territorial Courts to State Courts |
| Enabling Act §23 | Election of State Government Officials |
| Enabling Act §24 | Repeal of Conflicting Acts and Legislative Adjustments |
| Enabling Act §25 | Regulation and Administration of North Dakota Trust Funds |
| Enabling Act §26 | Publication and Accessibility of the State Constitution |
* TBD wrote/added section titles for numerous constitutional passages (see disclaimer)!
You'll probably need to reference it during your pursuit of justice (in federal court; in state court; and/or at DOAH).
For instance, this material might help you recover from the damages that lawbreaking judges/lawyers/agencies/organizations have inflicted upon you [and/or the public] (see this example of a Florida judge who outright committed perjury).
Perhaps it'll [even] help you navigate through your state's administrative gauntlet. A gauntlet which might include – but not be limited to:
- Stage Agency Bribery;
- Stage Agency Corruption;
- Stage Agency Obstruction; and
- Stage Agency Self-Discrimination
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