MASSACHUSETTS CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE II
PART THE SECOND

Part 2 Chp. 0 §0 Art. 0 | THE FRAME OF GOVERNMENT

The people, inhabiting the territory formerly called the Province of Massachusetts Bay, do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with each other, to form themselves into a free, sovereign, and independent body politic, or state by the name of " THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS "

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. I | BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE: COLLABORATION BETWEEN SENATE AND HOUSE

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. II | GOVERNOR'S REVIEW: SAFEGUARDING LEGISLATIVE INTEGRITY

No bill or resolve of the senate or house of representatives shall become a law, and have force as such, until it shall have been laid before the governor for his revisal; and if he, upon such revision, approve thereof, he shall signify his approbation by signing the same. But if he have any objection to the passing of such bill or resolve, he shall return the same, together with his objections thereto, in writing, to the senate or house of representatives, in whichsoever the same shall have originated; who shall enter the objections sent down by the governor, at large, on their records, and proceed to reconsider the said bill or resolve. But if after such reconsideration, two thirds of the said senate or house of representatives, shall, notwithstanding the said objections, agree to pass the same, it shall, together with the objections, be sent to the other branch of the legislature, where it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of the members present, shall have the force of a law: but in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for, or against, the said bill or resolve, shall be entered upon the public records of the commonwealth.

[And in order to prevent unnecessary delays, if any bill or resolve shall not be returned by the governor within five days after it shall have been presented, the same shall have the force of a law.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. III | JUDICIARY AUTHORITY: ENSURING JUSTICE IN THE COMMONWEALTH

The general court shall forever have full power and authority to erect and constitute judicatories and courts of record, or other courts, to be held in the name of the commonwealth, for the hearing, trying, and determining of all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, matters, causes and things, whatsoever, arising or happening within the commonwealth, or between or concerning persons inhabiting, or residing, or brought within the same, whether the same be criminal or civil, or whether the said crimes be capital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, personal, or mixed; and for the awarding and making out of execution thereupon. To which courts and judicatories are hereby given and granted full power and authority, from time to time, to administer oaths or affirmations, for the better discovery of truth in any matter in controversy or depending before them.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. IV | LEGISLATIVE POWER: ENACTING LAWS FOR THE PUBLIC GOOD

And further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general court, from time to time, to make, ordain, and establish, all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, and ordinances, directions and instructions, either with penalties or without; so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution, as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of this commonwealth, and for the government and ordering thereof, and of the subjects of the same, and for the necessary support and defence of the government thereof; and to name and settle annually, or provide by fixed laws, for the naming and settling all civil officers within the said commonwealth; the election and constitution of whom are not hereafter in this form of government otherwise provided for; and to set forth the several duties, powers, and limits, of the several civil and military officers of this commonwealth, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations as shall be respectively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the same be not repugnant or contrary to this constitution; and to impose and levy proportional and reasonable assessments, rates, and taxes, upon all the inhabitants of, and persons resident, and estates lying, within the said commonwealth; and also to impose and levy, reasonable duties and excises, upon any produce, goods, wares, merchandise, and commodities, whatsoever, brought into, produced, manufactured, or being within the same; to be issued and disposed of by warrant, under the hand of the governor of this commonwealth for the time being, with the advice and consent of the council, for the public service, in the necessary defence and support of the government of the said commonwealth, and the protection and preservation of the subjects thereof, according to such acts as are or shall be in force within the same.

And while the public charges of government, or any part thereof, shall be assessed on polls and estates, in the manner that has hitherto been practiced, in order that such assessments may be made with equality, there shall be a valuation of estates within the commonwealth taken anew once in every ten years at least, and as much oftener as the general court shall order.

Note

[For the authority of the general court to charter cities and establish limited town meeting form of government, see Amendments, Arts. II and LXX.

For power of the general court to establish voting precincts in towns, see Amendments. Art. XXIX.

For additional taxing power given to the general court, see Amendments, Arts. XLI and XLIV.

For the authority of the general court to take land, etc., for relieving congestion of population and providing homes for citizens, see Amendments, Art. XLIII.

For the power given the general court to provide by law for absentee and compulsory voting, see Amendments, Art. XLV, Amendments, Art. LXI and Amendments, Art. LXXVI.

For the power of the general court to determine the manner of providing and distributing the necessaries of life, etc., during time of war, public distress, etc., by the Commonwealth and the cities and towns, therein, see Amendments, Art. LXVII.

For provisions relative to taking the vote on emergency measures, see Amendments, Arts. XLVIII, The Referendum, II, and LXVII.

For new provisions authorizing the general court to provide for the taking of lands for certain public uses, see Amendments, Art. XLIX.

For provisions authorizing the general court to take a recess or recesses amounting to not more than thirty days, see Amendments, Art. LII.

For new provision authorizing the governor to return a bill with a recommendation of amendment, see Amendments, Art. LVI.

For the power of the general court to limit the use of construction of buildings, see Amendments, Art. LX.

For new provisions relative to the biennial election of senators and representatives and their terms of office, see Amendments, Art. LXIV.

For new provisions that no person elected to the general court shall be appointed to any office which was created or the emoluments of which were increased during the term for which he was elected, nor received additional salary or compensation for service upon recess committees or commissions, see Amendments, Art. LXV.

For the power of the general court to prescribe the terms and conditions upon which a pardon may be granted in the case of a felony, see Amendments, Art. LXXIII.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. I | ELECTION OF COUNCILLORS AND SENATORS: REPRESENTATION BY DISTRICTS

[There shall be annually elected, by the freeholders and other inhabitants of this commonwealth, qualified as in this constitution is provided, forty persons to be councillors and senators for the year ensuing their election; to be chosen by the inhabitants of the districts, into which the commonwealth may from time to time be divided by the general court for that purpose: and the general court in assigning the numbers to be elected by the respective districts, shall govern themselves by the proportion of the public taxes paid by the said districts; and timely make known to the inhabitants of the commonwealth, the limits of each district, and the number of councillors and senators to be chosen therein; provided that the number of such districts shall never be less than thirteen; and that no district be so large as to entitle the same to choose more than six senators.

And the several counties in this commonwealth shall, until the general court shall determine it necessary to alter the said districts, be districts for the choice of councillors and senators, (except that the counties of Dukes County and Nantucket shall form one district for that purpose) and shall elect the following number for councillors and senators, viz.: --

Suffolk, Six;
Essex, six;
Middlesex, five;
Hampshire, four;
Plymouth, three;
Barnstable, one;
Bristol, three;
York, two;
Dukes County and Nantucket, one;
Worcester, five;
Cumberland, one;
Lincoln, one;
Berkshire, two.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. II | THE SENATE'S ROLE: PROCEDURES FOR ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION

The senate shall be the first branch of the legislature; and the senators shall be chosen in the following manner, viz. there shall be a meeting on the [first Monday in April], [annually], forever, of the inhabitants of each town in the several counties of this commonwealth; to be called by the selectmen, and warned in due course of law, at least seven days before the [first Monday in April], for the purpose of electing persons to be senators and councillors; [and at such meetings every male inhabitant of twenty-one years of age and upwards, having a freehold estate within the commonwealth, of the annual income of three pounds, or any estate of the value of sixty pounds, shall have a right to give in his vote for the senators for the district of which he is an inhabitant.] And to remove all doubts concerning the meaning of the word "inhabitant" in this constitution, every person shall be considered as an inhabitant, for the purpose of electing and being elected into any office, or place within this state, in that town, district or plantation where he dwelleth, or hath his home. [See Amendments, Arts. II, III, X, XV, XX, XXII, XXIII, XXVI, XXVIII, XXX, XXXI, XXXII, XLV, LXIV, LXXI, LXXVI, LXXX, XCII, XCIII, XCIV, XCV, C,, CI and CIX.]

The selectmen of the several towns shall preside at such meetings impartially; and shall receive the votes of all the inhabitants of such towns present and qualified to vote for senators, and shall sort and count them in open town meeting, and in presence of the town clerk, who shall make a fair record, in presence of the selectmen, and in open town meeting, of the name of every person voted for, and of the number of votes against his name: and a fair copy of this record shall be attested by the selectmen and the town clerk, and shall be sealed up, directed to the secretary of the commonwealth for the time being, with a superscription, expressing the purport of the contents thereof, and delivered by the town clerk of such towns, to the sheriff of the county in which such town lies, thirty days at least before [the last Wednesday in May] [annually]; or it shall be delivered into the secretary's office seventeen days at least before the said [last Wednesday in May]: and the sheriff of each county shall deliver all such certificates by him received, into the secretary's office, seventeen days before the said [last Wednesday in May]. [See Amendments, Arts. II, and X.]

And the inhabitants of plantations unincorporated, qualified as this constitution provides, who are or shall be empowered and required to assess taxes upon themselves toward the support of government, shall have the same privilege of voting for councillors and senators in the plantations where they reside, as town inhabitants have in their respective towns; [and the plantation meetings for that purpose shall be held annually on the same first Monday in April], at such place in the plantations respectively, as the assessors thereof shall direct; which assessors shall have like authority for notifying the electors, collecting and returning the votes, as the selectmen and town clerks have in their several towns, by this constitution. And all other persons living in places unincorporated (qualified as aforesaid) who shall be assessed to the support of government by the assessors of an adjacent town, shall have the privilege of giving in their votes for councillors and senators in the town where they shall be assessed, and be notified of the place of meeting by the selectmen of the town where they shall be assessed, for that purpose accordingly.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. III | CONVENTION OF SENATORS: SUMMONS AND VERIFICATION OF ELECTION

And that there may be a due convention of senators on the [last Wednesday in May] [annually,] the governor with five of the council, for the time being, shall, as soon as may be, examine the returned copies of such records; and fourteen days before the said day he shall issue his summons to such persons as shall appear to be chosen by [a majority of] voters, to attend on that day, and take their seats accordingly: provided nevertheless, that for the first year the said returned copies shall be examined by the president and five of the council of the former constitution of government; and the said president shall, in like manner, issue his summons to the persons so elected, that they may take their seats as aforesaid.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. IV | JUDGING SENATE ELECTIONS: ENSURING LEGISLATIVE INTEGRITY

The senate shall be the final judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of their own members, as pointed out in the constitution; and shall, [on the said last Wednesday in May] [annually,] determine and declare who are elected by each district, to be senators [by a majority of votes; and in case there shall not appear to be the full number of senators returned elected by a majority of votes for any district, the deficiency shall be supplied in the following manner, viz.: The members of the house of representatives, and such senators as shall be declared elected, shall take the names of such persons as shall be found to have the highest number of votes in such district, and not elected, amounting to twice the number of senators wanting, if there be so many voted for; and out of these shall elect by ballot a number of senators sufficient to fill up the vacancies in such district; and in this manner all such vacancies shall be filled up in every district of the commonwealth; and in like manner all vacancies in the senate, arising by death, removal out of the state, or otherwise, shall be supplied as soon as may be, after such vacancies shall happen.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. V | ELIGIBILITY FOR SENATE: PROPERTY AND RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS

Provided nevertheless, that no person shall be capable of being elected as a senator, [who is not seised in his own right of a freehold within this commonwealth, of the value of three hundred pounds at least, or possessed of personal estate to the value of six hundred pounds at least, or of both to the amount of the same sum, and] who has not been an inhabitant of this commonwealth for the space of five years immediately preceding his election, and at the time of his election, he shall be an inhabitant in the district for which he shall be chosen.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. VI | THE SENATE'S AUTHORITY TO ADJOURN MEETINGS

The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, provided such adjournments do not exceed two days at a time.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. VII | SELF-GOVERNANCE: SENATE'S CHOICE OF OFFICERS AND RULES

The senate shall choose its own president, appoint its own officers, and determine its own rules of proceedings.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. VIII | IMPEACHMENT AUTHORITY: THE SENATE AS A COURT OF ACCOUNTABILITY

The senate shall be a court with full authority to hear and determine all impeachments made by the house of representatives, against any officer or officers of the commonwealth, for misconduct and mal-administration in their offices. But previous to the trial of every impeachment the members of the senate shall respectively be sworn, truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in question, according to evidence. Their judgment, however shall not extend further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold or enjoy any place of honor, trust, or profit, under this commonwealth: but the party so convicted, shall be, nevertheless, liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to the laws of the land.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. IX | SENATE QUORUM: REQUIREMENTS FOR LEGISLATIVE ACTION

[Not less than sixteen members of the senate shall constitute a quorum for doing business.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. I | REPRESENTATION BY EQUALITY: FOUNDING PRINCIPLES OF THE LEGISLATURE

There shall be, in the legislature of this commonwealth, a representation of the people, [annually] elected, and founded upon the principle of equality.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. II | ALLOCATION OF REPRESENTATIVES: ENSURING EQUITABLE CIVIC PARTICIPATION

[And in order to provide for a representation of the citizens of this commonwealth, founded upon the principle of equality, every corporate town containing one hundred and fifty ratable polls, may elect one representative: every corporate town, containing three hundred and seventy-five ratable polls may elect two representatives: every corporate town containing six hundred ratable polls, may elect three representatives: and proceeding in that manner, making two hundred and twenty-five ratable polls, the mean increasing number for every additional representative. [See Amendments, Arts. XII, XIII, XXI, LXXI, XCII, CI and CIX.]

Provided nevertheless, that each town now incorporated, not having one hundred and fifty ratable polls, may elect one representative: but no place shall hereafter be incorporated with the privilege of electing a representative, unless there are within the same one hundred and fifty ratable polls.]

And the house of representatives shall have power from time to time to impose fines upon such towns as shall neglect to choose and return members to the same, agreeably to this constitution.

[The expenses of travelling to the general assembly, and returning home, once in every session, and no more, shall be paid by the government, out of the public treasury, to every member who shall attend as seasonably as he can, in the judgment of the house, and does not depart without leave.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. III | QUALIFICATIONS FOR REPRESENTATION: UPHOLDING LEGISLATIVE STANDARDS

Every member of the house of representatives shall be chosen by written votes; [and for one year at least next preceding his election, shall have been an inhabitant of, and have been seised in his own right of a freehold of the value of one hundred pounds within the town he shall be chosen to represent, or any ratable estate to the value of two hundred pounds; and he shall cease to represent the said town immediately on his ceasing to be qualified as aforesaid.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. IV | VOTING RIGHTS: PROPERTY-BASED SUFFRAGE IN REPRESENTATIVE ELECTIONS

[Every male person, being twenty-one years of age, and resident in any particular town in this commonwealth for the space of one year next preceding, having a freehold estate within the same town, of the annual income of three pounds, or any estate of the value of sixty pounds, shall have a right to vote in the choice of a representative, or representatives for the said town.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. V | ANNUAL ELECTIONS: A COMMITMENT TO DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE

[The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen annually in the month of May, ten days at least before the last Wednesday of that month.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. VI | THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: GRAND INQUEST AND IMPEACHMENT AUTHORITY

The house of representatives shall be the grand inquest of this commonwealth; and all impeachments made by them, shall be heard and tried by the senate.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. VII | ORIGINATION OF MONEY BILLS: LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY OF THE HOUSE

All money bills shall originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. VIII | POWER TO ADJOURN: AUTONOMY OF LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS

The house of representatives shall have power to adjourn themselves; provided such adjournment shall not exceed two days at a time.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. IX | QUORUM FOR BUSINESS: ENSURING LEGISLATIVE EFFICIENCY

[Not less than sixty members of the house of representatives, shall constitute a quorum for doing business.]

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. X | LEGISLATIVE AUTONOMY: GOVERNANCE WITHIN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

The house of representatives shall be the judge of the returns, elections, and qualifications of its own members, as pointed out in the constitution; shall choose their own speaker; appoint their own officers, and settle the rules and orders of proceeding in their own house: They shall have authority to punish by imprisonment, every person, not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly, or contemptuous behavior, in its presence; or who, in the town where the general court is sitting, and during the time of its sitting, shall threaten harm to the body or estate of any of its members, for any thing said or done in the house; or who shall assault any of them therefor; or who shall assault, or arrest, any witness, or other person, ordered to attend the house, in his way in going or returning; or who shall rescue any person arrested by the order of the house.

And no member of the house of representatives shall be arrested, or held to bail on mesne process, during his going unto, returning from, or his attending the general assembly.

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. XI | PARALLEL POWERS: SENATE AND GOVERNOR'S AUTHORITY IN LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT

The senate shall have the same powers in the like cases; and the governor and council shall have the same authority to punish in like cases. Provided that no imprisonment on the warrant or order of the governor, council, senate, or house of representatives, for either of the above described offences, be for a term exceeding thirty days.

And the senate and house of representatives may try, and determine, all cases where their rights and privileges are concerned, and which, by the constitution, they have authority to try and determine, by committees of their own members, or in such other way as they may respectively think best.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. I | THE SUPREME EXECUTIVE MAGISTRATE: TITLE AND ROLE OF THE GOVERNOR

There shall be a supreme executive magistrate, who shall be styled, The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ; and whose title shall be -- His Excellency .

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. II | ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR GOVERNOR: REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICE

The governor shall be chosen [annually]; and no person shall be eligible to this office, unless at the time of his election, he shall have been an inhabitant of this commonwealth for seven years next preceding; [and unless he shall at the same time, be seised in his own right, of a freehold within the commonwealth of the value of one thousand pounds; and unless he shall declare himself to be of the Christian religion.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. III | ELECTORAL PROCESS FOR GOVERNOR: FRAMEWORK OF DEMOCRATIC SELECTION

Those persons who shall be qualified to vote for senators and representatives within the several towns of this commonwealth, shall, at a meeting to be called for that purpose, on the [first Monday of April annually], give in their votes for a governor, to the selectmen, who shall preside at such meetings; and the town clerk, in the presence and with the assistance of the selectmen, shall, in open town meeting, sort and count the votes, and form a list of the persons voted for, with the number of votes for each person against his name; and shall make a fair record of the same in the town books, and a public declaration thereof in the said meeting; and shall, in the presence of the inhabitants, seal up copies of the said list, attested by him and the selectmen, and transmit the same to the sheriff of the county thirty days at least before the [last Wednesday in May]; and the sheriff shall transmit the same to the secretary's office, seventeen days at least before the said [last Wednesday in May]; or the selectmen may cause returns of the same to be made to the office of the secretary of the commonwealth, seventeen days at least before the said day; and the secretary shall lay the same before the senate and the house of representatives, on the [last Wednesday in May], to be by them examined: and in case of an election by a [majority] of all the votes returned, the choice shall be by them declared and published. But if no person shall have a [majority] of votes, the house of representatives shall, by ballot, elect two out of four persons who had the highest number of votes, if so many shall have been voted for, but, if otherwise, out of the number voted for; and make return to the senate of the two persons so elected; on which the senate shall proceed, by ballot, to elect one, who shall be declared governor.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. IV | THE GOVERNOR’S COUNCIL: AUTHORITY IN THE COMMONWEALTH'S AFFAIRS

The governor shall have authority from time to time, at his discretion, to assemble and call together the councillors of this commonwealth for the time being; and the governor with the said councillors, or five of them at least, shall, and may, from time to time, hold and keep a council, for the ordering and directing the affairs of the commonwealth, agreeably to the constitution and the laws of the land.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. V | GUBERNATORIAL POWERS: CONVENING, ADJOURNING, AND PROROGUING THE GENERAL COURT

The governor, with advice of council, shall have full power and authority, during the session of the general court to adjourn or prorogue the same to any time the two houses shall desire; [and to dissolve the same on the day next preceding the last Wednesday in May;] and, in the recess of the said court, to prorogue the same from time to time, not exceeding ninety days in any one recess; and to call it together sooner than the time to which it may be adjourned or prorogued, if the welfare of the commonwealth shall require the same: and in case of any infectious distemper prevailing in the place where the said court is next at any time to convene, or any other cause happening whereby danger may arise to the health or lives of the members from their attendance, he may direct the session to be held at some other, the most convenient place within the state.

[And the governor shall dissolve the said general court on the day next preceding the last Wednesday in May.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. VI | RESOLVING LEGISLATIVE DEADLOCK: THE GOVERNOR'S ROLE IN ADJOURNMENTS

In cases of disagreement between the two houses, with regard to the necessity, expediency or time of adjournment, or prorogation, the governor, with the advice of the council, shall have a right to adjourn or prorogue the general court, not exceeding ninety days, as he shall determine the public good shall require.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. VII | GOVERNOR'S ROLE IN DEFENSE: COMMANDING THE COMMONWEALTH'S FORCES

[The governor of this commonwealth for the time being, shall be the commander in chief of the army and navy, and of all the military forces of the state, by sea and land, and shall have full power by himself, or by any commander, or other officer or officers, from time to time, to train, instruct, exercise and govern the militia and navy; and, for the special defence and safety of the commonwealth, to assemble in martial array, and put in warlike posture, the inhabitants thereof, and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, repel, resist, expel and pursue, by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, within or without the limits of this commonwealth, and also to kill, slay and destroy, if necessary, and conquer, by all fitting ways, enterprises, and means whatsoever, all and every such person and persons as shall, at any time hereafter, in a hostile manner, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detriment, or annoyance of this commonwealth; and to use and exercise, over the army and navy, and over the militia in actual service, the law martial, in time of war or invasion, and also in time of rebellion, declared by the legislature to exist, as occasion shall necessarily require; and to take and surprise by all ways and means whatsoever, all and every such person or persons, with their ships, arms, ammunition and other goods, as shall, in a hostile manner, invade, or attempt the invading, conquering, or annoying this commonwealth; and that the governor be intrusted with all these and other powers, incident to the offices of captain-general and commander in chief, and admiral, to be exercised agreeably to the rules and regulations of the constitution, and the laws of the land, and not otherwise.

Provided, that the said governor shall not, at any time hereafter, by virtue of any power by this constitution granted, or hereafter to be granted to him by the legislature, transport any of the inhabitants of this commonwealth, or oblige them to march out of the limits of the same, without their free and voluntary consent, or the consent of the general court; except so far as may be necessary to march or transport them by land or water, for the defence of such part of the state, to which they cannot otherwise conveniently have access.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. VIII | AUTHORITY TO PARDON: THE GOVERNOR’S LIMITS AND REQUIREMENTS

[The power of pardoning offences, except such as persons may be convicted of before the senate by an impeachment of the house, shall be in the governor, by and with the advice of council: but no charter of pardon, granted by the governor, with advice of the council before conviction, shall avail the party pleading the same, notwithstanding any general or particular expressions contained therein, descriptive of the offence or offences intended to be pardoned.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. IX | JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS: NOMINATION AND CONSENT PROCEDURES

All judicial officers, [the attorney-general,] the solicitor-general, [all sheriffs,] coroners, [and registers of probate,] shall be nominated and appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the council; and every such nomination shall be made by the governor, and made at least seven days prior to such appointment.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. X | ELECTED MILITIA OFFICERS: SAFEGUARDING LOCAL MILITARY DEMOCRACY

[The captains and subalterns of the militia, shall be elected by the written votes of the train band and alarm list of their respective companies, of twenty-one years of age and upwards: the field officers of regiments shall be elected by the written votes of the captains and subalterns of their respective regiments: the brigadiers shall be elected in like manner, by the field officers of their respective brigades: and such officers, so elected, shall be commissioned by the governor, who shall determine their rank. [See Amendments, Art. V.]

The legislature shall, by standing laws, direct the time and manner of convening the electors, and of collecting votes, and of certifying to the governor, the officers elected.

The major-generals shall be appointed by the senate and house of representatives, each having a negative upon the other; and be commissioned by the governor. [See Amendments, Art. IV.]

And if the electors of brigadiers, field officers, captains or subalterns, shall neglect or refuse to make such elections, after being duly notified, according to the laws for the time being, then the governor, with advice of council, shall appoint suitable persons to fill such offices.

And no officer, duly commissioned to command in the militia, shall be removed from his office, but by the address of both houses to the governor, or by fair trial in court-martial pursuant to the laws of the commonwealth for the time being. [See Amendments, Art. IV.]

The commanding officers of regiments shall appoint their adjutants and quartermasters; the brigadiers their brigade-majors; and the major-generals their aids; and the governor shall appoint the adjutant-general.

The governor, with advice of council, shall appoint all officers of the continental army, whom by the confederation of the United States it is provided that this commonwealth shall appoint, as also all officers of forts and garrisons.

The divisions of the militia into brigades, regiments and companies, made in pursuance of the militia laws now in force, shall be considered as the proper divisions of the militia of this commonwealth, until the same shall be altered in pursuance of some future law.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. XI | GOVERNOR’S FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT: ISSUANCE OF STATE FUNDS

No moneys shall be issued out of the treasury of this commonwealth, and disposed of (except such sums as may be appropriated for the redemption of bills of credit or treasurer's notes, or for the payment of interest arising thereon) but by warrant under the hand of the governor for the time being, with the advice and consent of the council, for the necessary defence and support of the commonwealth; and for the protection and preservation of the inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the acts and resolves of the general court.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. XII | ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY: REPORTING PUBLIC RESOURCES TO THE GOVERNOR

All public boards, [the commissary-general,] all superintending officers of public magazines and stores, belonging to this commonwealth, and all commanding officers of forts and garrisons within the same, shall once in every three months, officially, and without requisition, and at other times, when required by the governor, deliver to him an account of all goods, stores, provisions, ammunition, cannon with their appendages, and small arms with their accoutrements, and of all other public property whatever under their care respectively; distinguishing the quantity, number, quality and kind of each, as particularly as may be; together with the condition of such forts and garrisons and the said commanding officer shall exhibit to the governor, when required by him, true and exact plans of such forts, and of the land and sea or harbor or harbors adjacent.

And the said boards, and all public officers, shall communicate to the governor, as soon as may be after receiving the same, all letters, despatches, and intelligences of a public nature, which shall be directed to them respectively.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. XIII | GOVERNOR’S INDEPENDENCE: ENSURING FREEDOM FROM LEGISLATIVE DEPENDENCE

As the public good requires that the governor should not be under the undue influence of any of the members of the general court by a dependence on them for his support, that he should in all cases, act with freedom for the benefit of the public, that he should not have his attention necessarily diverted from that object to his private concerns -- and that he should maintain the dignity of the commonwealth in the character of its chief magistrate, it is necessary that he should have an honorable stated salary, of a fixed and permanent value, amply sufficient for those purposes, and established by standing laws: and it shall be among the first acts of the general court, after the commencement of this constitution, to establish such salary by law accordingly.

Permanent and honorable salaries shall also be established by law for the justices of the supreme judicial court.

And if it shall be found that any of the salaries aforesaid, so established, are insufficient, they shall, from time to time be enlarged as the general court shall judge proper.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §2 Art. I | LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR: ELECTION PROCESS AND QUALIFICATIONS

There shall be [annually] elected a lieutenant governor of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, whose title shall be, His Honor and who shall be qualified, in point of [religion, property,] and residence in the commonwealth, in the same manner with the governor: and the day and manner of his election, and the qualifications of the electors, shall be the same as are required in the election of a governor. The return of the votes for this officer, and the declaration of his election, shall be in the same manner: and if no one person shall be found to have [a majority] of all the votes returned, the vacancy shall be filled by the senate and house of representatives, in the same manner as the governor is to be elected, in case no one person shall have [a majority] of the votes of the people to be governor.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §2 Art. II | COUNCIL PRESIDENCY: ROLE OF THE GOVERNOR AND LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR

The governor, and in his absence the lieutenant governor, shall be president of the council, but shall have no vote in council: and the lieutenant governor shall always be a member of the council except when the chair of the governor shall be vacant.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §2 Art. III | ACTING GOVERNOR: AUTHORITY DURING GUBERNATORIAL ABSENCE OR VACANCY

Whenever the chair of the governor shall be vacant, by reason of his death, or absence from the commonwealth, or otherwise, the lieutenant governor, for the time being, shall, during such vacancy, perform all the duties incumbent upon the governor, and shall have and exercise all the powers and authorities, which by this constitution the governor is vested with, when personally present.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. I | THE GOVERNOR'S COUNCIL: ADVISORY AUTHORITY IN EXECUTIVE MATTERS

There shall be a council for advising the governor in the executive part of government, to consist of [nine] persons besides the lieutenant governor, whom the governor, for the time being, shall have full power and authority, from time to time, at his discretion, to assemble and call together. And the governor, with the said councillors, or five of them at least, shall and may, from time to time, hold and keep a council, for the ordering and directing the affairs of the commonwealth, according to the laws of the land.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. II | SELECTION OF COUNCILLORS: ELECTORAL PROCESS AND REPRESENTATION

[Nine councillors shall be annually chosen from among the persons returned for councillors and senators, on the last Wednesday in May, by the joint ballot of the senators and representatives assembled in one room: and in case there shall not be found upon the first choice, the whole number of nine persons who will accept a seat in the council, the deficiency shall be made up by the electors aforesaid from among the people at large; and the number of senators left shall constitute the senate for the year. The seats of the persons thus elected from the senate, and accepting the trust, shall be vacated in the senate.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. III | COUNCILLORS' RANK: POSITIONED NEXT TO THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR

The councillors, in the civil arrangements of the commonwealth, shall have rank next after the lieutenant governor.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. IV | DISTRICT REPRESENTATION: LIMITING COUNCILLOR SELECTION PER DISTRICT

[Not more than two councillors shall be chosen out of any one district of this commonwealth.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. V | COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS: TRANSPARENCY AND RECORD-KEEPING PRACTICES

The resolutions and advice of the council shall be recorded in a register, and signed by the members present; and this record may be called for at any time by either house of the legislature; and any member of the council may insert his opinion, contrary to the resolution of the majority.

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. VI | TEMPORARY EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY: THE COUNCIL’S ROLE IN GUBERNATORIAL VACANCIES

[Whenever the office of the governor and lieutenant governor shall be vacant, by reason of death, absence, or otherwise, then the council, or the major part of them, shall during such vacancy have full power and authority to do, and execute, all and every such acts, matters and things, as the governor or the lieutenant governor might or could, by virtue of this constitution, do or execute, if they or either of them, were personally present.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. VII | LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS: PROCEDURES FOR FILLING KEY GOVERNMENT ROLES

[And whereas the elections appointed to be made by this constitution, on the last Wednesday in May annually, by the two houses of the legislature, may not be completed on that day, the said elections may be adjourned from day to day until the same shall be completed. And the order of elections shall be as follows: the vacancies in the senate, if any, shall first be filled up; the governor and lieutenant governor shall then be elected, provided there should be no choice of them by the people: and afterwards the two houses shall proceed to the election of the council.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §4 Art. I | ANNUAL ELECTIONS: SELECTING KEY STATE OFFICERS WITH ACCOUNTABILITY MEASURES

[The secretary, treasurer and receiver-general, and the commissary-general, notaries public, and naval officers, shall be chosen annually, by joint ballot of the senators and representatives in one room. And that the citizens of this commonwealth may be assured, from time to time, that the moneys remaining in the public treasury, upon the settlement and liquidation of the public accounts, are their property, no man shall be eligible as treasurer and receiver-general more than five years successively.]

Part 2 Chp. 2 §4 Art. II | SECRETARY'S ROLE: RECORD-KEEPING AND GOVERNANCE SUPPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH

The records of the commonwealth shall be kept in the office of the secretary, who may appoint his deputies, for whose conduct he shall be accountable, and he shall attend the governor and council, the senate and house of representatives, in person, or by his deputies, as they shall respectively require.

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. I | JUDICIAL TENURE AND REMOVAL: BALANCING INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY

The tenure, that all commission officers shall by law have in their offices, shall be expressed in their respective commissions. All judicial officers, duly appointed, commissioned and sworn, shall hold their offices during good behavior, excepting such concerning whom there is different provision made in this constitution: provided nevertheless, the governor, with consent of the council, may remove them upon the address of both houses of the legislature.

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. II | SEEKING JUDICIAL OPINIONS: GUIDANCE FOR CRITICAL LEGAL QUESTIONS

[Each branch of the legislature, as well as the governor and council, shall have authority to require the opinions of the justices of the supreme judicial court, upon important questions of law, and upon solemn occasions.]

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. III | COMMISSIONS OF JUSTICES: LIMITING TENURE FOR ACCOUNTABILITY

In order that the people may not suffer from the long continuance in place of any justice of the peace, who shall fail of discharging the important duties of his office with ability or fidelity, all commissions of justices of the peace shall expire and become void, in the term of seven years from their respective dates; and upon the expiration of any commission, the same may, if necessary, be renewed, or another person appointed, as shall most conduce to the well-being of the commonwealth.

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. IV | PROBATE COURTS: ACCESSIBILITY THROUGH LOCALIZED SCHEDULING

The judges of probate of wills, and for granting letters of administration, shall hold their courts at such place or places, on fixed days, as the convenience of the people shall require; and the legislature shall, from time to time, hereafter appoint such times and places; until which appointments, the said courts shall be holden at the times and places which the respective judges shall direct.

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. V | MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE CASES: EXECUTIVE OVERSIGHT AND LEGISLATIVE PROVISION

All causes of marriage, divorce, and alimony, and all appeals from the judges of probate shall be heard and determined by the governor and council, until the legislature shall, by law, make other provision.

Part 2 Chp. 4 §0 Art. | ANNUAL ELECTION OF DELEGATES: REPRESENTATION IN THE U.S. CONGRESS

[The delegates of this commonwealth to the congress of the United States, shall, some time in the month of June annually, be elected by the joint ballot of the senate and house of representatives, assembled together in one room; to serve in congress for one year, to commence on the first Monday in November then next ensuing. They shall have commissions under the hand of the governor, and the great seal of the commonwealth; but may be recalled at any time within the year, and others chosen and commissioned, in the same manner, in their stead.]

Part 2 Chp. 5 §1 Art. I | HARVARD COLLEGE'S LEGACY: PRESERVING EMINENCE IN ARTS AND SCIENCES

Whereas our wise and pious ancestors, so early as the year one thousand six hundred and thirty-six, laid the foundation of Harvard College, in which university many persons of great eminence have, by the blessing of God, been initiated in those arts and sciences, which qualified them for public employments, both in church and state: and whereas the encouragement of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor of God, the advantage of the Christian religion, and the great benefit of this and the other United States of America -- it is declared, that the President and Fellows of Harvard College,in their corporate capacity, and their successors in that capacity, their officers and servants, shall have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy, all the powers, authorities, rights, liberties, privileges, immunities and franchises, which they now have or are entitled to have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy: and the same are hereby ratified and confirmed unto them, the said president and fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors, and to their officers and servants, respectively, forever.

Part 2 Chp. 5 §1 Art. II | CONFIRMING GIFTS AND GRANTS: SECURING HARVARD’S BENEFACTIONS

And whereas there have been at sundry times, by divers persons, gifts, grants, devises of houses, lands, tenements, goods, chattels, legacies and conveyances, heretofore made, either to Harvard College in Cambridge, in New England, or to the president and fellows of Harvard College, or to the said college, by some other description, under several charters successively: it is declared, that all the said gifts, grants, devises, legacies and conveyances, are hereby forever confirmed unto the president and fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors in the capacity aforesaid, according to the true intent and meaning of the donor or donors, grantor or grantors, devisor or devisors.

Part 2 Chp. 5 §1 Art. III | GOVERNANCE TRANSITION: OVERSEEING HARVARD COLLEGE IN THE COMMONWEALTH ERA

[And whereas, by an act of the general court of the colony of Massachusetts Bay passed in the year one thousand six hundred and forty-two, the governor and deputy-governor, for the time being, and all the magistrates of that jurisdiction, were, with the president, and a number of the clergy in the said act described, constituted the overseers of Harvard College: and it being necessary, in this new constitution of government to ascertain who shall be deemed successors to the said governor, deputy-governor and magistrates; it is declared, that the governor, lieutenant governor, council and senate of this commonwealth, are and shall be deemed, their successors, who with the president of Harvard College, for the time being, together with the ministers of the congregational churches in the towns of Cambridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester, mentioned in the said act, shall be, and hereby are, vested with all the powers and authority belonging, or in any way appertaining to the overseers of Harvard College; provided, that] nothing herein shall be construed to prevent the legislature of this commonwealth from making such alterations in the government of the said university, as shall be conducive to its advantage and the interest of the republic of letters, in as full a manner as might have been done by the legislature of the late Province of the Massachusetts Bay.

Part 2 Chp. 5 §2 Art. | THE DUTY OF LEGISLATURES: ADVANCING EDUCATION, VIRTUE, AND CIVIC VALUES

Wisdom, and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused generally among the body of the people, being necessary for the preservation of their rights and liberties; and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in the various parts of the country, and among the different orders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of this commonwealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them; especially the university at Cambridge, public schools and grammar schools in the towns; to encourage private societies and public institutions, rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industry and frugality, honesty and punctuality in their dealings; sincerity, good humor, and all social affections, and generous sentiments among the people.

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. I | OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS: ESTABLISHING ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNANCE

[Any person chosen governor, lieutenant governor, councillor, senator or representative, and accepting the trust, shall before he proceed to execute the duties of his place or office, make and subscribe the following declaration, viz. --

"I, A. B., do declare, that I believe the Christian religion, and have a firm persuasion of its truth; and that I am seised and possessed, in my own right, of the property required by the constitution as one qualification for the office or place to which I am elected."

And the governor, lieutenant governor, and councillors shall make and subscribe the said declaration, in the presence of the two houses of assembly; and the senators and representatives first elected under this constitution, before the president and five of the council of the former constitution, and forever afterwards before the governor and council for the time being.]

And every person chosen to either of the places or offices aforesaid, as also any person appointed or commissioned to any judicial, executive, military, or other office under the government, shall, before he enters on the discharge of the business of his place or office, take and subscribe the following declaration, and oaths or affirmations, viz. --

["I, A. B., do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, testify and declare, that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is, and of right ought to be, a free, sovereign and independent state; and I do swear, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the said commonwealth, and that I will defend the same against traitorous conspiracies and all hostile attempts whatsoever: and that I do renounce and abjure all allegiance, subjection and obedience to the king, queen, or government of Great Britain, (as the case may be) and every other foreign power whatsoever: and that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate, hath, or ought to have, any jurisdiction, superiority, pre-eminence, authority, dispensing or other power, in any matter, civil, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this commonwealth, except the authority and power which is or may be vested by their constituents in the congress of the United States: and I do further testify and declare, that no man or body of men hath or can have any right to absolve or discharge me from the obligation of this oath, declaration, or affirmation; and that I do make this acknowledgment, profession, testimony, declaration, denial, renunciation and abjuration, heartily and truly, according to the common meaning and acceptation of the foregoing words, without any equivocation, mental evasion, or secret reservation whatsoever -- So help me, God."]

"I, A. B., do solemnly swear and affirm, that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent on me as : according to the best of my abilities and understanding, agreeably, to the rules and regulations of the constitution, and the laws of this commonwealth -- So help me, God."

Provided always, that when any person chosen or appointed as aforesaid, shall be of the denomination of the people called Quakers, and shall decline taking the said oath[s], he shall make his affirmation in the foregoing form, and subscribe the same, omitting the words [ "I do swear," "and abjure," "oath or," "and abjuration" in the first oath; and in the second oath, the words] "swear and," and [in each of them] the words "So help me, God;" subjoining instead thereof, "This I do under the pains and penalties of perjury." ] [See Amendments, Art. VI.]

And the said oaths or affirmations shall be taken and subscribed by the governor, lieutenant governor, and councillors, before the president of the senate, in the presence of the two houses of assembly; and by the senators and representatives first elected under this constitution, before the president and five of the council of the former constitution; and forever afterwards before the governor and council for the time being: and by the residue of the officers aforesaid, before such persons and in such manner as from time to time shall be prescribed by the legislature.

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. II | PROHIBITION OF OFFICE OVERLAP: SAFEGUARDING INTEGRITY AND FOCUS IN ROLES

No governor, lieutenant governor, or judge of the supreme judicial court, shall hold any other office or place, under the authority of this commonwealth, except such as by this constitution they are admitted to hold saving that the judges of the said court may hold the offices of justices of the peace through the state; nor shall they hold any other place or office, or receive any pension or salary from any other state or government or power whatever.

No person shall be capable of holding or exercising at the same time, within this state more than one of the following offices, viz. -- judge of probate -- sheriff -- register of probate -- or register of deeds -- and never more than any two offices which are to be held by appointment of the governor, or the governor and council, or the senate, or the house of representatives, or by the election of the people of the state at large, or of the people of any county, military offices and the offices of justices of the peace excepted, shall be held by one person.

No person holding the office of judge of the supreme judicial court -- secretary -- attorney-general -- solicitor-general -- treasurer or receiver-general -- judge of probate -- commissary-general -- [president, professor, or instructor of Harvard College] -- sheriff -- clerk of the house of representatives -- register of probate -- register of deeds -- clerk of the supreme judicial court -- clerk of the inferior court of common pleas -- or officer of the customs, including in this description naval officers -- shall at the same time have a seat in the senate or house of representatives; but their being chosen or appointed to, and accepting the same, shall operate as a resignation of their seat in the senate or house of representatives; and the place so vacated shall be filled up. [See Amendments, Arts. VIII and XXVII.]

And the same rule shall take place in case any judge of the said supreme judicial court, or judge of probate, shall accept a seat in council; or any councillor shall accept of either of those offices or places.

And no person shall ever be admitted to hold a seat in the legislature, or any office of trust or importance under the government of this commonwealth, who shall, in the due course of law, have been convicted of bribery or corruption in obtaining an election or appointment.

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. III | MONETARY QUALIFICATIONS: SILVER AS THE STANDARD OF VALUE

[In all cases where sums of money are mentioned in this constitution, the value thereof shall be computed in silver at six shillings and eight pence per ounce: and it shall be in the power of the legislature, from time to time, to increase such qualifications, as to property, of the persons to be elected to offices, as the circumstances of the commonwealth shall require.]

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. IV | COMMISSIONS OF OFFICE: FORMALIZING AUTHORITY IN THE COMMONWEALTH

All commissions shall be in the name of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, signed by the governor and attested by the secretary or his deputy, and have the great seal of the commonwealth affixed thereto.

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. V | JUDICIARY PROCEDURES: ISSUANCE AND VALIDATION OF WRITS

All writs issuing out of the clerk's office in any of the courts of law, shall be in the name of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: they shall be under the seal of the court from whence they issue: they shall bear test of the first justice of the court to which they shall be returnable, who is not a party, and be signed by the clerk of such court.

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. VI | PRESERVING PRECEDENTS: CONTINUATION OF APPROVED PROVINCIAL LAWS

All the laws which have heretofore been adopted, used and approved in the Province, Colony or State of Massachusetts Bay, and usually practiced on in the courts of law, shall still remain and be in full force, until altered or repealed by the legislature; such parts only excepted as are repugnant to the rights and liberties contained in this constitution.

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. VII | HABEAS CORPUS: ENSURING LIBERTY THROUGH LEGAL SAFEGUARDS

The privilege and benefit of the writ of habeas corpus shall be enjoyed in this commonwealth in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditious and ample manner; and shall not be suspended by the legislature, except upon the most urgent and pressing occasions, and for a limited time not exceeding twelve months.

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. VIII | LEGISLATIVE ENACTING STYLE: DEFINING THE LANGUAGE OF LAWMAKING

The enacting style, in making and passing all acts, statutes and laws, shall be --

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same."

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. IX | TRANSITIONING GOVERNANCE: CONTINUITY AMID CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

[To the end there may be no failure of justice, or danger arise to the commonwealth from a change of the form of government -- all officers, civil and military, holding commissions under the government and people of Massachusetts Bay in New England, and all other officers of the said government and people, at the time this constitution shall take effect, shall have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy, all the powers and authority to them granted or committed, until other persons shall be appointed in their stead: and all courts of law shall proceed in the execution of the business of their respective departments; and all the executive and legislative officers, bodies and powers shall continue in full force, in the enjoyment and exercise of all their trusts, employments and authority; until the general court and the supreme and executive officers under this constitution are designated and invested with their respective trusts powers and authority.]

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. X | CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION: PROCEDURES FOR AMENDMENT THROUGH GENERAL COURT

[In order the more effectually to adhere to the principles of the constitution, and to correct those violations which by any means may be made therein, as well as to form such alterations as from experience shall be found necessary -- the general court which shall be in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, shall issue precepts to the selectmen of the several towns, and to the assessors of the unincorporated plantations, directing them to convene the qualified voters of their respective towns and plantations, for the purpose of collecting their sentiments on the necessity or expediency of revising the constitution, in order to amendments. [See Amendments, Art. IX.]

And if it shall appear by the returns made, that two thirds of the qualified voters throughout the state, who shall assemble and vote in consequence of the said precepts, are in favor of such revision or amendment, the general court shall issue precepts, or direct them to be issued from the secretary's office to the several towns to elect delegates to meet in convention for the purpose aforesaid.

The said delegates to be chosen in the same manner and proportion as their representatives in the second branch of the legislature are by this constitution to be chosen.]

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. XI | PRESERVATION OF GOVERNANCE: ENROLLING AND PUBLISHING THE LAWS OF THE COMMONWEALTH

This form of government shall be enrolled on parchment and deposited in the secretary's office, and be a part of the laws of the land -- and printed copies thereof shall be prefixed to the book containing the laws of this commonwealth, in all future editions of the said laws.

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MASSACHUSETTS CONSTITUTIONARTICLE IIPART THE SECOND

Part 2 Chp. 0 §0 Art. 0 | THE FRAME OF GOVERNMENT

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. I | BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE: COLLABORATION BETWEEN SENATE AND HOUSE

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. II | GOVERNOR'S REVIEW: SAFEGUARDING LEGISLATIVE INTEGRITY

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. III | JUDICIARY AUTHORITY: ENSURING JUSTICE IN THE COMMONWEALTH

Part 2 Chp. 1 §1 Art. IV | LEGISLATIVE POWER: ENACTING LAWS FOR THE PUBLIC GOOD

Note

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. I | ELECTION OF COUNCILLORS AND SENATORS: REPRESENTATION BY DISTRICTS

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. II | THE SENATE'S ROLE: PROCEDURES FOR ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. III | CONVENTION OF SENATORS: SUMMONS AND VERIFICATION OF ELECTION

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. IV | JUDGING SENATE ELECTIONS: ENSURING LEGISLATIVE INTEGRITY

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. V | ELIGIBILITY FOR SENATE: PROPERTY AND RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. VI | THE SENATE'S AUTHORITY TO ADJOURN MEETINGS

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. VII | SELF-GOVERNANCE: SENATE'S CHOICE OF OFFICERS AND RULES

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. VIII | IMPEACHMENT AUTHORITY: THE SENATE AS A COURT OF ACCOUNTABILITY

Part 2 Chp. 1 §2 Art. IX | SENATE QUORUM: REQUIREMENTS FOR LEGISLATIVE ACTION

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. I | REPRESENTATION BY EQUALITY: FOUNDING PRINCIPLES OF THE LEGISLATURE

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. II | ALLOCATION OF REPRESENTATIVES: ENSURING EQUITABLE CIVIC PARTICIPATION

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. III | QUALIFICATIONS FOR REPRESENTATION: UPHOLDING LEGISLATIVE STANDARDS

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. IV | VOTING RIGHTS: PROPERTY-BASED SUFFRAGE IN REPRESENTATIVE ELECTIONS

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. V | ANNUAL ELECTIONS: A COMMITMENT TO DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. VI | THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: GRAND INQUEST AND IMPEACHMENT AUTHORITY

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. VII | ORIGINATION OF MONEY BILLS: LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY OF THE HOUSE

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. VIII | POWER TO ADJOURN: AUTONOMY OF LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. IX | QUORUM FOR BUSINESS: ENSURING LEGISLATIVE EFFICIENCY

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. X | LEGISLATIVE AUTONOMY: GOVERNANCE WITHIN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Part 2 Chp. 1 §3 Art. XI | PARALLEL POWERS: SENATE AND GOVERNOR'S AUTHORITY IN LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. I | THE SUPREME EXECUTIVE MAGISTRATE: TITLE AND ROLE OF THE GOVERNOR

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. II | ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR GOVERNOR: REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICE

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. III | ELECTORAL PROCESS FOR GOVERNOR: FRAMEWORK OF DEMOCRATIC SELECTION

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. IV | THE GOVERNOR’S COUNCIL: AUTHORITY IN THE COMMONWEALTH'S AFFAIRS

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. V | GUBERNATORIAL POWERS: CONVENING, ADJOURNING, AND PROROGUING THE GENERAL COURT

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. VI | RESOLVING LEGISLATIVE DEADLOCK: THE GOVERNOR'S ROLE IN ADJOURNMENTS

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. VII | GOVERNOR'S ROLE IN DEFENSE: COMMANDING THE COMMONWEALTH'S FORCES

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. VIII | AUTHORITY TO PARDON: THE GOVERNOR’S LIMITS AND REQUIREMENTS

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. IX | JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS: NOMINATION AND CONSENT PROCEDURES

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. X | ELECTED MILITIA OFFICERS: SAFEGUARDING LOCAL MILITARY DEMOCRACY

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. XI | GOVERNOR’S FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT: ISSUANCE OF STATE FUNDS

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. XII | ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY: REPORTING PUBLIC RESOURCES TO THE GOVERNOR

Part 2 Chp. 2 §1 Art. XIII | GOVERNOR’S INDEPENDENCE: ENSURING FREEDOM FROM LEGISLATIVE DEPENDENCE

Part 2 Chp. 2 §2 Art. I | LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR: ELECTION PROCESS AND QUALIFICATIONS

Part 2 Chp. 2 §2 Art. II | COUNCIL PRESIDENCY: ROLE OF THE GOVERNOR AND LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR

Part 2 Chp. 2 §2 Art. III | ACTING GOVERNOR: AUTHORITY DURING GUBERNATORIAL ABSENCE OR VACANCY

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. I | THE GOVERNOR'S COUNCIL: ADVISORY AUTHORITY IN EXECUTIVE MATTERS

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. II | SELECTION OF COUNCILLORS: ELECTORAL PROCESS AND REPRESENTATION

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. III | COUNCILLORS' RANK: POSITIONED NEXT TO THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. IV | DISTRICT REPRESENTATION: LIMITING COUNCILLOR SELECTION PER DISTRICT

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. V | COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS: TRANSPARENCY AND RECORD-KEEPING PRACTICES

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. VI | TEMPORARY EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY: THE COUNCIL’S ROLE IN GUBERNATORIAL VACANCIES

Part 2 Chp. 2 §3 Art. VII | LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS: PROCEDURES FOR FILLING KEY GOVERNMENT ROLES

Part 2 Chp. 2 §4 Art. I | ANNUAL ELECTIONS: SELECTING KEY STATE OFFICERS WITH ACCOUNTABILITY MEASURES

Part 2 Chp. 2 §4 Art. II | SECRETARY'S ROLE: RECORD-KEEPING AND GOVERNANCE SUPPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. I | JUDICIAL TENURE AND REMOVAL: BALANCING INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. II | SEEKING JUDICIAL OPINIONS: GUIDANCE FOR CRITICAL LEGAL QUESTIONS

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. III | COMMISSIONS OF JUSTICES: LIMITING TENURE FOR ACCOUNTABILITY

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. IV | PROBATE COURTS: ACCESSIBILITY THROUGH LOCALIZED SCHEDULING

Part 2 Chp. 3 §0 Art. V | MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE CASES: EXECUTIVE OVERSIGHT AND LEGISLATIVE PROVISION

Part 2 Chp. 4 §0 Art. | ANNUAL ELECTION OF DELEGATES: REPRESENTATION IN THE U.S. CONGRESS

Part 2 Chp. 5 §1 Art. I | HARVARD COLLEGE'S LEGACY: PRESERVING EMINENCE IN ARTS AND SCIENCES

Part 2 Chp. 5 §1 Art. II | CONFIRMING GIFTS AND GRANTS: SECURING HARVARD’S BENEFACTIONS

Part 2 Chp. 5 §1 Art. III | GOVERNANCE TRANSITION: OVERSEEING HARVARD COLLEGE IN THE COMMONWEALTH ERA

Part 2 Chp. 5 §2 Art. | THE DUTY OF LEGISLATURES: ADVANCING EDUCATION, VIRTUE, AND CIVIC VALUES

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. I | OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS: ESTABLISHING ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNANCE

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. II | PROHIBITION OF OFFICE OVERLAP: SAFEGUARDING INTEGRITY AND FOCUS IN ROLES

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. III | MONETARY QUALIFICATIONS: SILVER AS THE STANDARD OF VALUE

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. IV | COMMISSIONS OF OFFICE: FORMALIZING AUTHORITY IN THE COMMONWEALTH

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. V | JUDICIARY PROCEDURES: ISSUANCE AND VALIDATION OF WRITS

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. VI | PRESERVING PRECEDENTS: CONTINUATION OF APPROVED PROVINCIAL LAWS

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. VII | HABEAS CORPUS: ENSURING LIBERTY THROUGH LEGAL SAFEGUARDS

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. VIII | LEGISLATIVE ENACTING STYLE: DEFINING THE LANGUAGE OF LAWMAKING

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. IX | TRANSITIONING GOVERNANCE: CONTINUITY AMID CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. X | CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION: PROCEDURES FOR AMENDMENT THROUGH GENERAL COURT

Part 2 Chp. 6 §0 Art. XI | PRESERVATION OF GOVERNANCE: ENROLLING AND PUBLISHING THE LAWS OF THE COMMONWEALTH

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